aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/ee4363/mp1
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorMatt Strapp <matt@mattstrapp.net>2022-05-24 11:18:46 -0500
committerMatt Strapp <matt@mattstrapp.net>2022-05-24 11:19:55 -0500
commit7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda (patch)
tree58578e01f15f34a855d99c32898db9d7a1603e67 /ee4363/mp1
parentdo some stuff (diff)
downloadhomework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar.gz
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar.bz2
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar.lz
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar.xz
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.tar.zst
homework-7a73162607544204032aa66cce755daf21edebda.zip
Graduate
Signed-off-by: Matt Strapp <matt@mattstrapp.net>
Diffstat (limited to 'ee4363/mp1')
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSALU.v18
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSAlu.vcd58
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp11/out152
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp11/test_mipsalu.v49
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp12/mipspipe.v101
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp12/out401
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.v53
-rw-r--r--ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.vcd311
8 files changed, 1143 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSALU.v b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSALU.v
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..096aff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSALU.v
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module MIPSALU (ALUctl, A, B, ALUOut, Zero);
+ input [3:0] ALUctl;
+ input [31:0] A,B;
+ output reg [31:0] ALUOut;
+ output Zero;
+ assign Zero = (ALUOut==0);
+ always @(ALUctl, A, B)
+ case (ALUctl)
+ 0: ALUOut <= A & B;
+ 1: ALUOut <= A | B;
+ 2: ALUOut <= A + B;
+ 6: ALUOut <= A - B;
+ 7: ALUOut <= A < B ? 1:0;
+ 12: ALUOut <= ~(A | B);
+ default: ALUOut <= 0;
+ endcase
+endmodule
+
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSAlu.vcd b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSAlu.vcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b81fdb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/MIPSAlu.vcd
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+$date
+ Thu Dec 3 09:43:49 2020
+$end
+$version
+ Icarus Verilog
+$end
+$timescale
+ 100ps
+$end
+$scope module test_mipsalu $end
+$var wire 1 ! Zero $end
+$var wire 32 " ALUOut [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 # A [31:0] $end
+$var reg 4 $ ALUctl [3:0] $end
+$var reg 32 % B [31:0] $end
+$scope module U0 $end
+$var wire 32 & A [31:0] $end
+$var wire 4 ' ALUctl [3:0] $end
+$var wire 32 ( B [31:0] $end
+$var wire 1 ! Zero $end
+$var reg 32 ) ALUOut [31:0] $end
+$upscope $end
+$upscope $end
+$enddefinitions $end
+#0
+$dumpvars
+b0 )
+b1 (
+bx '
+b1111 &
+b1 %
+bx $
+b1111 #
+b0 "
+1!
+$end
+#100
+0!
+b1 "
+b1 )
+b0 $
+b0 '
+#200
+b1111 "
+b1111 )
+b1 $
+b1 '
+#300
+b10000 "
+b10000 )
+b10 $
+b10 '
+#400
+b1110 "
+b1110 )
+b110 $
+b110 '
+#500
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp11/out b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b09d3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/out
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+#! /usr/bin/vvp
+:ivl_version "10.3 (stable)";
+:ivl_delay_selection "TYPICAL";
+:vpi_time_precision - 10;
+:vpi_module "system";
+:vpi_module "vhdl_sys";
+:vpi_module "v2005_math";
+:vpi_module "va_math";
+S_0x5600cdc34d10 .scope module, "test_mipsalu" "test_mipsalu" 2 8;
+ .timescale -9 -10;
+v0x5600cdc4a050_0 .var "A", 31 0;
+v0x5600cdc4a130_0 .net "ALUOut", 31 0, v0x5600cdc49b10_0; 1 drivers
+v0x5600cdc4a200_0 .var "ALUctl", 3 0;
+v0x5600cdc4a300_0 .var "B", 31 0;
+v0x5600cdc4a3d0_0 .net "Zero", 0 0, L_0x5600cdc5a530; 1 drivers
+S_0x5600cdc34e90 .scope module, "U0" "MIPSALU" 2 19, 3 1 0, S_0x5600cdc34d10;
+ .timescale -9 -10;
+ .port_info 0 /INPUT 4 "ALUctl"
+ .port_info 1 /INPUT 32 "A"
+ .port_info 2 /INPUT 32 "B"
+ .port_info 3 /OUTPUT 32 "ALUOut"
+ .port_info 4 /OUTPUT 1 "Zero"
+v0x5600cdbfd130_0 .net "A", 31 0, v0x5600cdc4a050_0; 1 drivers
+v0x5600cdc49b10_0 .var "ALUOut", 31 0;
+v0x5600cdc49bf0_0 .net "ALUctl", 3 0, v0x5600cdc4a200_0; 1 drivers
+v0x5600cdc49ce0_0 .net "B", 31 0, v0x5600cdc4a300_0; 1 drivers
+v0x5600cdc49dc0_0 .net "Zero", 0 0, L_0x5600cdc5a530; alias, 1 drivers
+L_0x7f1879ed6018 .functor BUFT 1, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>, C4<0>, C4<0>, C4<0>;
+v0x5600cdc49ed0_0 .net/2u *"_s0", 31 0, L_0x7f1879ed6018; 1 drivers
+E_0x5600cdc327b0 .event edge, v0x5600cdc49ce0_0, v0x5600cdbfd130_0, v0x5600cdc49bf0_0;
+L_0x5600cdc5a530 .cmp/eq 32, v0x5600cdc49b10_0, L_0x7f1879ed6018;
+ .scope S_0x5600cdc34e90;
+T_0 ;
+ %wait E_0x5600cdc327b0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49bf0_0;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.0, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 1, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.1, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 2, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.2, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 6, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.3, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 7, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.4, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 12, 0, 4;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.5, 6;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.0 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %and;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.1 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %or;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.2 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %add;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.3 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %sub;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.4 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %flag_mov 8, 5;
+ %jmp/0 T_0.8, 8;
+ %pushi/vec4 1, 0, 32;
+ %jmp/1 T_0.9, 8;
+T_0.8 ; End of true expr.
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %jmp/0 T_0.9, 8;
+ ; End of false expr.
+ %blend;
+T_0.9;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.5 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdbfd130_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x5600cdc49ce0_0;
+ %or;
+ %inv;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x5600cdc49b10_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_0.7;
+T_0.7 ;
+ %pop/vec4 1;
+ %jmp T_0;
+ .thread T_0, $push;
+ .scope S_0x5600cdc34d10;
+T_1 ;
+ %pushi/vec4 15, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a050_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 1, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a300_0, 0, 32;
+ %delay 100, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a200_0, 0, 4;
+ %delay 100, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 1, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a200_0, 0, 4;
+ %delay 100, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 2, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a200_0, 0, 4;
+ %delay 100, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 6, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x5600cdc4a200_0, 0, 4;
+ %delay 100, 0;
+ %vpi_call 2 32 "$finish" {0 0 0};
+ %end;
+ .thread T_1;
+ .scope S_0x5600cdc34d10;
+T_2 ;
+ %vpi_call 2 38 "$monitor", $time, " A = %h", v0x5600cdc4a050_0, " B = %h", v0x5600cdc4a300_0, " ALUOut = %h", v0x5600cdc4a130_0, " Zero = %b", v0x5600cdc4a3d0_0 {0 0 0};
+ %end;
+ .thread T_2;
+ .scope S_0x5600cdc34d10;
+T_3 ;
+ %vpi_call 2 43 "$dumpfile", "MIPSAlu.vcd" {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 44 "$dumpvars" {0 0 0};
+ %end;
+ .thread T_3;
+# The file index is used to find the file name in the following table.
+:file_names 4;
+ "N/A";
+ "<interactive>";
+ "test_mipsalu.v";
+ "./MIPSALU.v";
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp11/test_mipsalu.v b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/test_mipsalu.v
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9738ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp11/test_mipsalu.v
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+ `timescale 1ns/100ps
+//
+// Test Bench for the mips alu
+// T. Posbergh, 14 October 2012
+//
+ `include "MIPSALU.v"
+//
+module test_mipsalu;
+ wire Zero; // ALU bit output
+ wire [31:0] ALUOut; // ALU word output
+ reg [31:0] A,B; // ALU word inpus
+ reg [3:0] ALUctl;
+
+ reg clock;
+ reg reset;
+
+// instantiate the alu and control
+
+ MIPSALU U0(ALUctl, A, B, ALUOut, Zero);
+
+// generate test signals
+
+ initial
+ begin
+ A=32'b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_1111;
+ B=32'b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001;
+ #10 ALUctl=4'b0000;
+ #10 ALUctl=4'b0001;
+ #10 ALUctl=4'b0010;
+ #10 ALUctl=4'b0110;
+// $finish(100);
+ #10 $finish;
+ end
+
+// output result
+
+ initial
+ $monitor($time, " A = %h",A," B = %h",B," ALUOut = %h",ALUOut," Zero = %b",Zero);
+
+// the following generates vcd file for GTKwave
+ initial
+ begin
+ $dumpfile("MIPSAlu.vcd");
+ $dumpvars;
+ end
+
+endmodule
+
+
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp12/mipspipe.v b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/mipspipe.v
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41d244d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/mipspipe.v
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Incomplete behavioral model of MIPS pipeline
+
+module mipspipe(clock);
+ // in_out
+ input clock;
+
+ // Instruction opcodes
+ parameter LW = 6'b100011, SW = 6'b101011, BEQ = 6'b000100, nop = 32'b00000_100000, ALUop = 6'b0;
+ reg [31:0] PC, // Program counter
+ Regs[0:31], // Register file
+ IMemory[0:1023], DMemory[0:1023], // Instruction and data memories
+ IFIDIR, IDEXA, IDEXB, IDEXIR, EXMEMIR, EXMEMB, // pipeline latches
+ EXMEMALUOut, MEMWBValue, MEMWBIR; // pipeline latches
+
+ wire [4:0] IDEXrs, IDEXrt, EXMEMrd, MEMWBrd, MEMWBrt; // fields of pipeline latches
+ wire [5:0] EXMEMop, MEMWBop, IDEXop; // opcodes
+ wire [31:0] Ain, Bin; // ALU inputs
+
+ // Define fields of pipeline latches
+ assign IDEXrs = IDEXIR[25:21]; // rs field
+ assign IDEXrt = IDEXIR[20:16]; // rt field
+ assign EXMEMrd = EXMEMIR[15:11]; // rd field
+ assign MEMWBrd = MEMWBIR[15:11]; // rd field
+ assign MEMWBrt = MEMWBIR[20:16]; // rt field -- for loads
+ assign EXMEMop = EXMEMIR[31:26]; // opcode
+ assign MEMWBop = MEMWBIR[31:26]; // opcode
+ assign IDEXop = IDEXIR[31:26]; // opcode
+
+ // Inputs to the ALU come directly from the ID/EX pipeline latches
+ assign Ain = IDEXA;
+ assign Bin = IDEXB;
+ reg [5:0] i; //used to initialize registers
+ reg [10:0] j,k; //used to initialize registers
+
+ initial begin
+ PC = 0;
+ IFIDIR = nop;
+ IDEXIR = nop;
+ EXMEMIR = nop;
+ MEMWBIR = nop; // no-ops placed in pipeline latches
+ // test some instructions
+ for (i=0;i<=31;i=i+1) Regs[i] = i; // initialize registers
+ IMemory[0] = 32'h00412820; // ADD OPCODE: 000000 00010 00001 00101 00000 100000
+ IMemory[1] = nop;
+ IMemory[2] = nop;
+ IMemory[3] = nop;
+ IMemory[4] = 32'h8CA30004; // First LW: 100011 00101 00011 00000 00000 000100
+ IMemory[5] = 32'h8C420000; // Second LW: 100011 00010 00010 00000 00000 000000
+ IMemory[6] = nop;
+ IMemory[7] = nop;
+ IMemory[8] = 32'h00A31825; // OR OPCODE: 000000 00101 00011 00011 00000 100101
+ IMemory[9] = nop;
+ IMemory[10] =nop;
+ IMemory[11] = nop;
+ IMemory[12] = 32'hACA30000; // SW: 101011 00101 00011 00000 00000 000000
+ for (j=13;j<=1023;j=j+1) IMemory[j] = nop;
+ DMemory[0] = 32'h00000000;
+ DMemory[1] = 32'hffffffff;
+ for (k=2;k<=1023;k=k+1) DMemory[k] = 0;
+ end
+
+ always @ (posedge clock)
+ begin
+ // FETCH: Fetch instruction & update PC
+ IFIDIR <= IMemory[PC>>2];
+ PC <= PC + 4;
+
+ // DECODE: Read registers
+ IDEXA <= Regs[IFIDIR[25:21]];
+ IDEXB <= Regs[IFIDIR[20:16]]; // get two registers
+
+ IDEXIR <= IFIDIR; // pass along IR
+
+ // EX: Address calculation or ALU operation
+ if ((IDEXop==LW) |(IDEXop==SW)) // address calculation
+ EXMEMALUOut <= IDEXA +{{16{IDEXIR[15]}}, IDEXIR[15:0]};
+ else if (IDEXop==ALUop) begin // ALU operation
+ case (IDEXIR[5:0]) // R-type instruction
+ 32: EXMEMALUOut <= Ain + Bin; // add operation
+ 37: EXMEMALUOut <= Ain | Bin; //or
+ default: ; // other R-type operations [to be implemented]
+ endcase
+ end
+
+ EXMEMIR <= IDEXIR; EXMEMB <= IDEXB; //pass along the IR & B
+
+ // MEM
+ if (EXMEMop==ALUop) MEMWBValue <= EXMEMALUOut; //pass along ALU result
+ else if (EXMEMop == LW) MEMWBValue <= DMemory[EXMEMALUOut>>2]; // load
+ else if (EXMEMop == SW) DMemory[EXMEMALUOut>>2] <=EXMEMB; // store
+
+ MEMWBIR <= EXMEMIR; //pass along IR
+
+ // WB
+ if ((MEMWBop==ALUop) & (MEMWBrd != 0)) // update registers if ALU operation and destination not 0
+ Regs[MEMWBrd] <= MEMWBValue; // ALU operation
+ else if ((MEMWBop == LW)& (MEMWBrt != 0)) // Update registers if load and destination not 0
+ Regs[MEMWBrt] <= MEMWBValue;
+ end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp12/out b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bb25bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/out
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+#! /usr/bin/vvp
+:ivl_version "10.3 (stable)";
+:ivl_delay_selection "TYPICAL";
+:vpi_time_precision + 0;
+:vpi_module "system";
+:vpi_module "vhdl_sys";
+:vpi_module "v2005_math";
+:vpi_module "va_math";
+S_0x55b4011cce40 .scope module, "test_mipspipe" "test_mipspipe" 2 8;
+ .timescale 0 0;
+v0x55b401210350_0 .var "clock", 0 0;
+v0x55b4012103f0_0 .var "clock_cycle", 3 0;
+E_0x55b4011e0f80 .event negedge, v0x55b40120ffb0_0;
+S_0x55b4011cc9a0 .scope module, "u_mipspipe" "mipspipe" 2 14, 3 3 0, S_0x55b4011cce40;
+ .timescale 0 0;
+ .port_info 0 /INPUT 1 "clock"
+P_0x55b4011cd2e0 .param/l "ALUop" 0 3 8, C4<000000>;
+P_0x55b4011cd320 .param/l "BEQ" 0 3 8, C4<000100>;
+P_0x55b4011cd360 .param/l "LW" 0 3 8, C4<100011>;
+P_0x55b4011cd3a0 .param/l "SW" 0 3 8, C4<101011>;
+P_0x55b4011cd3e0 .param/l "nop" 0 3 8, C4<00000000000000000000000000100000>;
+L_0x55b4011a7a40 .functor BUFZ 32, v0x55b40120f2d0_0, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>;
+L_0x55b4011a7820 .functor BUFZ 32, v0x55b40120f3b0_0, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>, C4<00000000000000000000000000000000>;
+v0x55b4011d6de0_0 .net "Ain", 31 0, L_0x55b4011a7a40; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120eca0_0 .net "Bin", 31 0, L_0x55b4011a7820; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120ed80 .array "DMemory", 1023 0, 31 0;
+v0x55b40120ee20_0 .var "EXMEMALUOut", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120ef00_0 .var "EXMEMB", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f030_0 .var "EXMEMIR", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f110_0 .net "EXMEMop", 5 0, L_0x55b401210910; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120f1f0_0 .net "EXMEMrd", 4 0, L_0x55b4012105f0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120f2d0_0 .var "IDEXA", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f3b0_0 .var "IDEXB", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f490_0 .var "IDEXIR", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f570_0 .net "IDEXop", 5 0, L_0x55b401210ae0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120f650_0 .net "IDEXrs", 4 0, L_0x55b4012104b0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120f730_0 .net "IDEXrt", 4 0, L_0x55b401210550; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120f810_0 .var "IFIDIR", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f8f0 .array "IMemory", 1023 0, 31 0;
+v0x55b40120f9b0_0 .var "MEMWBIR", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120fa90_0 .var "MEMWBValue", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120fb70_0 .net "MEMWBop", 5 0, L_0x55b401210a40; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120fc50_0 .net "MEMWBrd", 4 0, L_0x55b4012106c0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120fd30_0 .net "MEMWBrt", 4 0, L_0x55b4012107f0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b40120fe10_0 .var "PC", 31 0;
+v0x55b40120fef0 .array "Regs", 31 0, 31 0;
+v0x55b40120ffb0_0 .net "clock", 0 0, v0x55b401210350_0; 1 drivers
+v0x55b401210070_0 .var "i", 5 0;
+v0x55b401210150_0 .var "j", 10 0;
+v0x55b401210230_0 .var "k", 10 0;
+E_0x55b4011e1270 .event posedge, v0x55b40120ffb0_0;
+L_0x55b4012104b0 .part v0x55b40120f490_0, 21, 5;
+L_0x55b401210550 .part v0x55b40120f490_0, 16, 5;
+L_0x55b4012105f0 .part v0x55b40120f030_0, 11, 5;
+L_0x55b4012106c0 .part v0x55b40120f9b0_0, 11, 5;
+L_0x55b4012107f0 .part v0x55b40120f9b0_0, 16, 5;
+L_0x55b401210910 .part v0x55b40120f030_0, 26, 6;
+L_0x55b401210a40 .part v0x55b40120f9b0_0, 26, 6;
+L_0x55b401210ae0 .part v0x55b40120f490_0, 26, 6;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cc9a0;
+T_0 ;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b40120fe10_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b40120f810_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b40120f030_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b40120f9b0_0, 0, 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 6;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0, 0, 6;
+T_0.0 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %cmpi/u 31, 0, 32;
+ %flag_or 5, 4;
+ %jmp/0xz T_0.1, 5;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0;
+ %pad/u 7;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120fef0, 4, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0;
+ %addi 1, 0, 6;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210070_0, 0, 6;
+ %jmp T_0.0;
+T_0.1 ;
+ %pushi/vec4 4270112, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 0, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 1, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 2, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 3, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 2359492612, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 4, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 2353135616, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 5, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 6, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 7, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 10688549, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 8, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 9, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 10, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 11, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 2896363520, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 12, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 13, 0, 11;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210150_0, 0, 11;
+T_0.2 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210150_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %cmpi/u 1023, 0, 32;
+ %flag_or 5, 4;
+ %jmp/0xz T_0.3, 5;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 32;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210150_0;
+ %pad/u 12;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210150_0;
+ %addi 1, 0, 11;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210150_0, 0, 11;
+ %jmp T_0.2;
+T_0.3 ;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 0, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120ed80, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 4294967295, 0, 32;
+ %ix/load 4, 1, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120ed80, 4, 0;
+ %pushi/vec4 2, 0, 11;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210230_0, 0, 11;
+T_0.4 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210230_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %cmpi/u 1023, 0, 32;
+ %flag_or 5, 4;
+ %jmp/0xz T_0.5, 5;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210230_0;
+ %pad/u 12;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %store/vec4a v0x55b40120ed80, 4, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210230_0;
+ %addi 1, 0, 11;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210230_0, 0, 11;
+ %jmp T_0.4;
+T_0.5 ;
+ %end;
+ .thread T_0;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cc9a0;
+T_1 ;
+ %wait E_0x55b4011e1270;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fe10_0;
+ %ix/load 5, 2, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %shiftr 5;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4a v0x55b40120f8f0, 4;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f810_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fe10_0;
+ %addi 4, 0, 32;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120fe10_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f810_0;
+ %parti/s 5, 21, 6;
+ %pad/u 7;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4a v0x55b40120fef0, 4;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f2d0_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f810_0;
+ %parti/s 5, 16, 6;
+ %pad/u 7;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4a v0x55b40120fef0, 4;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f3b0_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f810_0;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f570_0;
+ %pushi/vec4 35, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f570_0;
+ %pushi/vec4 43, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %or;
+ %flag_set/vec4 8;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.0, 8;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f2d0_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0;
+ %parti/s 1, 15, 5;
+ %replicate 16;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0;
+ %parti/s 16, 0, 2;
+ %concat/vec4; draw_concat_vec4
+ %add;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_1.1;
+T_1.0 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f570_0;
+ %cmpi/e 0, 0, 6;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.2, 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0;
+ %parti/s 6, 0, 2;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 32, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_1.4, 6;
+ %dup/vec4;
+ %pushi/vec4 37, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/u;
+ %jmp/1 T_1.5, 6;
+ %jmp T_1.7;
+T_1.4 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b4011d6de0_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120eca0_0;
+ %add;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_1.7;
+T_1.5 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b4011d6de0_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120eca0_0;
+ %or;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_1.7;
+T_1.7 ;
+ %pop/vec4 1;
+T_1.2 ;
+T_1.1 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f490_0;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f030_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f3b0_0;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120ef00_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f110_0;
+ %cmpi/e 0, 0, 6;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.8, 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120fa90_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_1.9;
+T_1.8 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f110_0;
+ %cmpi/e 35, 0, 6;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.10, 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0;
+ %ix/load 5, 2, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %shiftr 5;
+ %ix/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4a v0x55b40120ed80, 4;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120fa90_0, 0;
+ %jmp T_1.11;
+T_1.10 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f110_0;
+ %cmpi/e 43, 0, 6;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.12, 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120ef00_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120ee20_0;
+ %ix/load 4, 2, 0;
+ %flag_set/imm 4, 0;
+ %shiftr 4;
+ %ix/vec4 3;
+ %ix/load 4, 0, 0; Constant delay
+ %assign/vec4/a/d v0x55b40120ed80, 0, 4;
+T_1.12 ;
+T_1.11 ;
+T_1.9 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120f030_0;
+ %assign/vec4 v0x55b40120f9b0_0, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fb70_0;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fc50_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %inv;
+ %and;
+ %flag_set/vec4 8;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.14, 8;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fa90_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fc50_0;
+ %pad/u 7;
+ %ix/vec4 3;
+ %ix/load 4, 0, 0; Constant delay
+ %assign/vec4/a/d v0x55b40120fef0, 0, 4;
+ %jmp T_1.15;
+T_1.14 ;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fb70_0;
+ %pushi/vec4 35, 0, 6;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fd30_0;
+ %pad/u 32;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 32;
+ %cmp/e;
+ %flag_get/vec4 4;
+ %inv;
+ %and;
+ %flag_set/vec4 8;
+ %jmp/0xz T_1.16, 8;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fa90_0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b40120fd30_0;
+ %pad/u 7;
+ %ix/vec4 3;
+ %ix/load 4, 0, 0; Constant delay
+ %assign/vec4/a/d v0x55b40120fef0, 0, 4;
+T_1.16 ;
+T_1.15 ;
+ %jmp T_1;
+ .thread T_1;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cce40;
+T_2 ;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 1;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210350_0, 0, 1;
+ %pushi/vec4 0, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b4012103f0_0, 0, 4;
+ %delay 160, 0;
+ %vpi_call 2 20 "$finish" {0 0 0};
+ %end;
+ .thread T_2;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cce40;
+T_3 ;
+ %delay 5, 0;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b401210350_0;
+ %inv;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b401210350_0, 0, 1;
+ %jmp T_3;
+ .thread T_3;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cce40;
+T_4 ;
+ %wait E_0x55b4011e1270;
+ %load/vec4 v0x55b4012103f0_0;
+ %addi 1, 0, 4;
+ %store/vec4 v0x55b4012103f0_0, 0, 4;
+ %jmp T_4;
+ .thread T_4;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cce40;
+T_5 ;
+ %wait E_0x55b4011e0f80;
+ %vpi_call 2 36 "$display", "\012\012clock cycle = %d", v0x55b4012103f0_0, " (time = %1.0t)", $time {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 37 "$display", "IF/ID registers\012\011 IF/ID.PC+4 = %h, IF/ID.IR = %h \012", v0x55b40120fe10_0, v0x55b40120f810_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 38 "$display", "ID/EX registers\012\011 ID/EX.rs = %d, ID/EX.rt = %d", v0x55b40120f650_0, v0x55b40120f730_0, "\012\011 ID/EX.A = %h, ID/EX.B = %h", v0x55b40120f2d0_0, v0x55b40120f3b0_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 39 "$display", "\011 ID/EX.op = %h\012", v0x55b40120f570_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 40 "$display", "EX/MEM registers\012\011 EX/MEM.rs = %d, EX/MEM.rt = %d", v0x55b40120f650_0, v0x55b40120f730_0, "\012\011 EX/MEM.ALUOut = %h, EX/MEM.ALUout = %h", v0x55b40120ee20_0, v0x55b40120ef00_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 41 "$display", "\011 EX/MEM.op = %h\012", v0x55b40120f110_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 42 "$display", "MEM/WB registers\012\011 MEM/WB.rd = %d, MEM/WB.rt = %d", v0x55b40120fc50_0, v0x55b40120fd30_0, "\012\011 MEM/WB.value = %h", v0x55b40120fa90_0 {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 43 "$display", "\011 EX/MEM.op = %h\012", v0x55b40120fb70_0 {0 0 0};
+ %jmp T_5;
+ .thread T_5;
+ .scope S_0x55b4011cce40;
+T_6 ;
+ %vpi_call 2 49 "$dumpfile", "test_mipspipe.vcd" {0 0 0};
+ %vpi_call 2 50 "$dumpvars" {0 0 0};
+ %end;
+ .thread T_6;
+# The file index is used to find the file name in the following table.
+:file_names 4;
+ "N/A";
+ "<interactive>";
+ "test_mipspipe.v";
+ "./mipspipe.v";
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.v b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.v
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24576ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.v
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+// Test bench for the mipspipe
+// Boram Lee
+//
+
+`include "mipspipe.v"
+
+module test_mipspipe;
+
+ reg clock;
+ reg [3:0] clock_cycle;
+
+// instantiate pipeline module
+ mipspipe u_mipspipe(clock);
+
+// initialize clock and cycle counter
+ initial begin
+ clock = 0;
+ clock_cycle=4'h0;
+ #160 $finish;
+ end
+
+// 10 unit clock cycle
+ always
+ #5 clock = ~clock;
+
+ always @(posedge clock)
+ begin
+ clock_cycle=clock_cycle+1;
+ end
+
+
+// display contents of pipeline latches at the end of each clock cycle
+ always @(negedge clock)
+ begin
+ $display("\n\nclock cycle = %d",clock_cycle," (time = %1.0t)",$time);
+ $display("IF/ID registers\n\t IF/ID.PC+4 = %h, IF/ID.IR = %h \n", u_mipspipe.PC, u_mipspipe.IFIDIR);
+ $display("ID/EX registers\n\t ID/EX.rs = %d, ID/EX.rt = %d",u_mipspipe.IDEXrs,u_mipspipe.IDEXrt,"\n\t ID/EX.A = %h, ID/EX.B = %h",u_mipspipe.IDEXA,u_mipspipe.IDEXB);
+ $display("\t ID/EX.op = %h\n",u_mipspipe.IDEXop);
+ $display("EX/MEM registers\n\t EX/MEM.rs = %d, EX/MEM.rt = %d",u_mipspipe.IDEXrs,u_mipspipe.IDEXrt,"\n\t EX/MEM.ALUOut = %h, EX/MEM.ALUout = %h",u_mipspipe.EXMEMALUOut,u_mipspipe.EXMEMB);
+ $display("\t EX/MEM.op = %h\n",u_mipspipe.EXMEMop);
+ $display("MEM/WB registers\n\t MEM/WB.rd = %d, MEM/WB.rt = %d",u_mipspipe.MEMWBrd,u_mipspipe.MEMWBrt,"\n\t MEM/WB.value = %h",u_mipspipe.MEMWBValue);
+ $display("\t EX/MEM.op = %h\n",u_mipspipe.MEMWBop);
+ end
+
+// log to a vcd (variable change dump) file
+ initial
+ begin
+ $dumpfile("test_mipspipe.vcd");
+ $dumpvars;
+ end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.vcd b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.vcd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d70b8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ee4363/mp1/mp12/test_mipspipe.vcd
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+$date
+ Thu Dec 3 19:41:59 2020
+$end
+$version
+ Icarus Verilog
+$end
+$timescale
+ 1s
+$end
+$scope module test_mipspipe $end
+$var reg 1 ! clock $end
+$var reg 4 " clock_cycle [3:0] $end
+$scope module u_mipspipe $end
+$var wire 32 # Ain [31:0] $end
+$var wire 32 $ Bin [31:0] $end
+$var wire 1 ! clock $end
+$var wire 5 % MEMWBrt [4:0] $end
+$var wire 5 & MEMWBrd [4:0] $end
+$var wire 6 ' MEMWBop [5:0] $end
+$var wire 5 ( IDEXrt [4:0] $end
+$var wire 5 ) IDEXrs [4:0] $end
+$var wire 6 * IDEXop [5:0] $end
+$var wire 5 + EXMEMrd [4:0] $end
+$var wire 6 , EXMEMop [5:0] $end
+$var reg 32 - EXMEMALUOut [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 . EXMEMB [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 / EXMEMIR [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 0 IDEXA [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 1 IDEXB [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 2 IDEXIR [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 3 IFIDIR [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 4 MEMWBIR [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 5 MEMWBValue [31:0] $end
+$var reg 32 6 PC [31:0] $end
+$var reg 6 7 i [5:0] $end
+$var reg 11 8 j [10:0] $end
+$var reg 11 9 k [10:0] $end
+$upscope $end
+$upscope $end
+$enddefinitions $end
+#0
+$dumpvars
+b10000000000 9
+b10000000000 8
+b100000 7
+b0 6
+bx 5
+b100000 4
+b100000 3
+b100000 2
+bx 1
+bx 0
+b100000 /
+bx .
+bx -
+b0 ,
+b0 +
+b0 *
+b0 )
+b0 (
+b0 '
+b0 &
+b0 %
+bx $
+bx #
+b0 "
+0!
+$end
+#5
+b0 $
+b0 1
+b0 #
+b0 0
+b100 6
+b10000010010100000100000 3
+b1 "
+1!
+#10
+0!
+#15
+b10 )
+b1 (
+b0 .
+b0 -
+b10000010010100000100000 2
+b1 $
+b1 1
+b10 #
+b10 0
+b1000 6
+b100000 3
+b10 "
+1!
+#20
+0!
+#25
+b101 +
+b0 )
+b0 (
+b0 5
+b1 .
+b10000010010100000100000 /
+b11 -
+b100000 2
+b0 $
+b0 1
+b0 #
+b0 0
+b1100 6
+b11 "
+1!
+#30
+0!
+#35
+b101 &
+b1 %
+b0 +
+b10000010010100000100000 4
+b11 5
+b0 .
+b100000 /
+b0 -
+b10000 6
+b100 "
+1!
+#40
+0!
+#45
+b0 &
+b0 %
+b100000 4
+b0 5
+b10100 6
+b10001100101000110000000000000100 3
+b101 "
+1!
+#50
+0!
+#55
+b101 )
+b11 (
+b100011 *
+b10001100101000110000000000000100 2
+b11 $
+b11 1
+b11 #
+b11 0
+b11000 6
+b10001100010000100000000000000000 3
+b110 "
+1!
+#60
+0!
+#65
+b100011 ,
+b10 )
+b10 (
+b11 .
+b10001100101000110000000000000100 /
+b111 -
+b10001100010000100000000000000000 2
+b10 $
+b10 1
+b10 #
+b10 0
+b11100 6
+b100000 3
+b111 "
+1!
+#70
+0!
+#75
+b11 %
+b100011 '
+b0 )
+b0 (
+b0 *
+b10001100101000110000000000000100 4
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 5
+b10 .
+b10001100010000100000000000000000 /
+b10 -
+b100000 2
+b0 $
+b0 1
+b0 #
+b0 0
+b100000 6
+b1000 "
+1!
+#80
+0!
+#85
+b10 %
+b0 ,
+b10001100010000100000000000000000 4
+b0 5
+b0 .
+b100000 /
+b0 -
+b100100 6
+b101000110001100000100101 3
+b1001 "
+1!
+#90
+0!
+#95
+b0 %
+b0 '
+b101 )
+b11 (
+b100000 4
+b101000110001100000100101 2
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 $
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 1
+b11 #
+b11 0
+b101000 6
+b100000 3
+b1010 "
+1!
+#100
+0!
+#105
+b11 +
+b0 )
+b0 (
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 .
+b101000110001100000100101 /
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 -
+b100000 2
+b0 $
+b0 1
+b0 #
+b0 0
+b101100 6
+b1011 "
+1!
+#110
+0!
+#115
+b11 &
+b11 %
+b0 +
+b101000110001100000100101 4
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 5
+b0 .
+b100000 /
+b0 -
+b110000 6
+b1100 "
+1!
+#120
+0!
+#125
+b0 &
+b0 %
+b100000 4
+b0 5
+b110100 6
+b10101100101000110000000000000000 3
+b1101 "
+1!
+#130
+0!
+#135
+b101 )
+b11 (
+b101011 *
+b10101100101000110000000000000000 2
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 $
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 1
+b11 #
+b11 0
+b111000 6
+b100000 3
+b1110 "
+1!
+#140
+0!
+#145
+b101011 ,
+b0 )
+b0 (
+b0 *
+b11111111111111111111111111111111 .
+b10101100101000110000000000000000 /
+b11 -
+b100000 2
+b0 $
+b0 1
+b0 #
+b0 0
+b111100 6
+b1111 "
+1!
+#150
+0!
+#155
+b11 %
+b101011 '
+b0 ,
+b10101100101000110000000000000000 4
+b0 .
+b100000 /
+b0 -
+b1000000 6
+b0 "
+1!
+#160
+0!